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A video is basically made up of many images consecutively shown to a viewer who perceive the movements to be smooth, thus making it into a movie. Note that for humans, we can only perceive it to be smooth if there are more than 15 images (or referred to as frames) shown every second. A video is basically made up of many images consecutively shown to a viewer who percieve the movements to be smooth, thus making it into a movie. Note that for humans, we can only perceive it to be smooth if there are more than 15 images (or referred to as frames) shown every second. Each video has a frame rate for which it is number of successive images shown in a second.  Most cameras has around 30 frames per second (fps), that is 1/30 second for each of the image. From previous experiments, we usually apply only the processing on a single image.  For a video, we can include a different dimension as measurement, that is, time.  Therefore using video, we can extract the dynamics or ki...

Image segmentation is the process in which a region of interest (ROI) is "segmented" or separated from the whole image and can be used for further analysis.  This may sound similar to that of thresholding however we note that thresholding can only be applied to grayscale images, and not colored images.  It has multiple applications such as locating specific objects, removing unecessary parts, and finding boundaries in images [1].  This can also be used to label pixels that display similiar features or visual characteristics which can later be used for further analysis as well. Several features can be extracted from image segmentation: color, texture, and intensity [1].  We note that color has already been used to segment skin regions, hand recognition, and even cells in slides.  It has also been used to analyzed paintings and identify which regions were made in similar manner (texture) or similar paint (color). However, we consider that objects has 3D shadin...

From the previous two activities, several applications of morphological operations were demonstrated.  It was used to pre-process text, as well as play notes (music).  In this this activity, I will try to show using previously used methods (mainly morphological operations) to determine the best estimate of area of a simulated "normal cells". For preview, a "normal cell" has a specific size, while cancerous cells are usually larger, or smaller than the normal cells as shown in the figure below. Image processing is ideal for repetitive process and as such, we note that for us to be able to "see" the cells properly, they must be enlarged (or zoomed in).  this therefore presents the problem that a "whole slide" must be examined instead of just a part.  As such, we divide the large image into subimages where identifying "cancerous cell" will be repeated for each subimage, instead of applying to the whole image. This is much similar to ...

Before the appearance of computers, or even typewriters, simple writing on a piece of paper was the one of the more primitive ways of writing something.  Writing is representing words in a language into set of symbols (depending on which language or alphabet). What is interesting is that each person has a unique way of writing thus hand-written texts by each person is different.  Hand-writing, even today, is popularly used to identify a person. (like forgery) In this activity, I tried to extract handwritten text from a scanned document.  Note that sometimes, handwritings are very difficult to discern specially if the writing is "ugly". The scanned image used was Scanned Image (with handwritings) Initial observation of the scanned image was that it was tilted.  The image was therefore rotated accordingly to have the horizontal lines aligned properly.  This was done using Gimp 2.  The gridlines were used as reference.  Though not the all the ...

Listening to music has been one of my practices when I'm studying.  It gives the sense that you are not alone.  There is no deafening silence. One to translate music is through a score sheet.  A score sheet with notes will serve as guide to any musician to play the music.  To produce these notes, any instrumental device is usually used. (For such, I prefer a piano). However, we can also play music using image processing! Imagine that.  Instead of just programming with recognizing text like from the previous activity, you can also play notes so long as you know the frequency and duration of each note. The first part was to find the score scheet of a piece.  A musica score for "Bahay Kubo" was my choice.  The sheet is shown below. Bahay Kubo music sheet (source:) The sheet was then divided into 3 parts, with removed clefs, numbers, and words.  This is shown below. Region of interest (with notes for the song) without the clefs, numb...

Morphology refers to shape.  This is usually done to images with blobs that form a specific shape.  What it can usually do is eliminated few pixels, fill gaps in between or even connect separate blobs of pixels to improve its shape.  The background is of the value zero, and the foreground is 1.   Dilation and erosion are morphological operations to used in this activity. Dilation of A by B is given by the equation: B is the structuring element such that the effect of dilating is to EXPAND or ELONGATE A in the shape of B.  This is illustrated in the figure below. Dilation by structuring element B on A, and the result of expansion of A . Erosion, on the other hand, would REDUCE the shape A by the shape B.  This is given by the equation: and is illustrated in the figure below. Erosion be structuring element B on A, and the result of reduction of A. Erosion and dilation are duals such that having a shape A, and structuring element B: The f...